283 lines
10 KiB
Python
283 lines
10 KiB
Python
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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"""Swap edges in a graph.
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"""
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# Copyright (C) 2004-2019 by
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# Aric Hagberg <hagberg@lanl.gov>
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# Dan Schult <dschult@colgate.edu>
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# Pieter Swart <swart@lanl.gov>
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# All rights reserved.
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# BSD license.
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import math
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from networkx.utils import py_random_state
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import networkx as nx
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__author__ = "\n".join(['Aric Hagberg (hagberg@lanl.gov)',
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'Pieter Swart (swart@lanl.gov)',
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'Dan Schult (dschult@colgate.edu)',
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'Joel Miller (joel.c.miller.research@gmail.com)',
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'Ben Edwards'])
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__all__ = ['double_edge_swap',
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'connected_double_edge_swap']
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@py_random_state(3)
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def double_edge_swap(G, nswap=1, max_tries=100, seed=None):
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"""Swap two edges in the graph while keeping the node degrees fixed.
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A double-edge swap removes two randomly chosen edges u-v and x-y
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and creates the new edges u-x and v-y::
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u--v u v
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becomes | |
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x--y x y
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If either the edge u-x or v-y already exist no swap is performed
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and another attempt is made to find a suitable edge pair.
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Parameters
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----------
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G : graph
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An undirected graph
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nswap : integer (optional, default=1)
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Number of double-edge swaps to perform
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max_tries : integer (optional)
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Maximum number of attempts to swap edges
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seed : integer, random_state, or None (default)
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Indicator of random number generation state.
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See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`.
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Returns
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-------
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G : graph
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The graph after double edge swaps.
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Notes
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-----
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Does not enforce any connectivity constraints.
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The graph G is modified in place.
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"""
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if G.is_directed():
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raise nx.NetworkXError(
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"double_edge_swap() not defined for directed graphs.")
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if nswap > max_tries:
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raise nx.NetworkXError("Number of swaps > number of tries allowed.")
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if len(G) < 4:
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raise nx.NetworkXError("Graph has less than four nodes.")
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# Instead of choosing uniformly at random from a generated edge list,
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# this algorithm chooses nonuniformly from the set of nodes with
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# probability weighted by degree.
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n = 0
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swapcount = 0
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keys, degrees = zip(*G.degree()) # keys, degree
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cdf = nx.utils.cumulative_distribution(degrees) # cdf of degree
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discrete_sequence = nx.utils.discrete_sequence
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while swapcount < nswap:
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# if random.random() < 0.5: continue # trick to avoid periodicities?
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# pick two random edges without creating edge list
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# choose source node indices from discrete distribution
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(ui, xi) = discrete_sequence(2, cdistribution=cdf, seed=seed)
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if ui == xi:
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continue # same source, skip
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u = keys[ui] # convert index to label
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x = keys[xi]
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# choose target uniformly from neighbors
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v = seed.choice(list(G[u]))
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y = seed.choice(list(G[x]))
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if v == y:
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continue # same target, skip
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if (x not in G[u]) and (y not in G[v]): # don't create parallel edges
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G.add_edge(u, x)
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G.add_edge(v, y)
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G.remove_edge(u, v)
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G.remove_edge(x, y)
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swapcount += 1
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if n >= max_tries:
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e = ('Maximum number of swap attempts (%s) exceeded ' % n +
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'before desired swaps achieved (%s).' % nswap)
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raise nx.NetworkXAlgorithmError(e)
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n += 1
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return G
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@py_random_state(3)
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def connected_double_edge_swap(G, nswap=1, _window_threshold=3, seed=None):
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"""Attempts the specified number of double-edge swaps in the graph `G`.
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A double-edge swap removes two randomly chosen edges `(u, v)` and `(x,
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y)` and creates the new edges `(u, x)` and `(v, y)`::
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u--v u v
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becomes | |
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x--y x y
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If either `(u, x)` or `(v, y)` already exist, then no swap is performed
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so the actual number of swapped edges is always *at most* `nswap`.
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Parameters
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----------
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G : graph
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An undirected graph
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nswap : integer (optional, default=1)
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Number of double-edge swaps to perform
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_window_threshold : integer
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The window size below which connectedness of the graph will be checked
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after each swap.
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The "window" in this function is a dynamically updated integer that
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represents the number of swap attempts to make before checking if the
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graph remains connected. It is an optimization used to decrease the
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running time of the algorithm in exchange for increased complexity of
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implementation.
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If the window size is below this threshold, then the algorithm checks
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after each swap if the graph remains connected by checking if there is a
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path joining the two nodes whose edge was just removed. If the window
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size is above this threshold, then the algorithm performs do all the
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swaps in the window and only then check if the graph is still connected.
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seed : integer, random_state, or None (default)
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Indicator of random number generation state.
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See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`.
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Returns
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-------
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int
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The number of successful swaps
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Raises
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------
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NetworkXError
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If the input graph is not connected, or if the graph has fewer than four
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nodes.
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Notes
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-----
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The initial graph `G` must be connected, and the resulting graph is
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connected. The graph `G` is modified in place.
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References
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----------
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.. [1] C. Gkantsidis and M. Mihail and E. Zegura,
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The Markov chain simulation method for generating connected
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power law random graphs, 2003.
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/gkantsidis03markov.html
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"""
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if not nx.is_connected(G):
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raise nx.NetworkXError("Graph not connected")
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if len(G) < 4:
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raise nx.NetworkXError("Graph has less than four nodes.")
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n = 0
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swapcount = 0
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deg = G.degree()
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# Label key for nodes
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dk = list(n for n, d in G.degree())
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cdf = nx.utils.cumulative_distribution(list(d for n, d in G.degree()))
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discrete_sequence = nx.utils.discrete_sequence
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window = 1
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while n < nswap:
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wcount = 0
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swapped = []
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# If the window is small, we just check each time whether the graph is
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# connected by checking if the nodes that were just separated are still
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# connected.
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if window < _window_threshold:
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# This Boolean keeps track of whether there was a failure or not.
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fail = False
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while wcount < window and n < nswap:
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# Pick two random edges without creating the edge list. Choose
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# source nodes from the discrete degree distribution.
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(ui, xi) = discrete_sequence(2, cdistribution=cdf, seed=seed)
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# If the source nodes are the same, skip this pair.
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if ui == xi:
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continue
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# Convert an index to a node label.
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u = dk[ui]
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x = dk[xi]
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# Choose targets uniformly from neighbors.
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v = seed.choice(list(G.neighbors(u)))
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y = seed.choice(list(G.neighbors(x)))
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# If the target nodes are the same, skip this pair.
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if v == y:
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continue
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if x not in G[u] and y not in G[v]:
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G.remove_edge(u, v)
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G.remove_edge(x, y)
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G.add_edge(u, x)
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G.add_edge(v, y)
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swapped.append((u, v, x, y))
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swapcount += 1
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n += 1
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# If G remains connected...
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if nx.has_path(G, u, v):
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wcount += 1
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# Otherwise, undo the changes.
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else:
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G.add_edge(u, v)
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G.add_edge(x, y)
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G.remove_edge(u, x)
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G.remove_edge(v, y)
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swapcount -= 1
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fail = True
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# If one of the swaps failed, reduce the window size.
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if fail:
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window = int(math.ceil(window / 2))
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else:
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window += 1
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# If the window is large, then there is a good chance that a bunch of
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# swaps will work. It's quicker to do all those swaps first and then
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# check if the graph remains connected.
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else:
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while wcount < window and n < nswap:
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# Pick two random edges without creating the edge list. Choose
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# source nodes from the discrete degree distribution.
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(ui, xi) = nx.utils.discrete_sequence(2, cdistribution=cdf)
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# If the source nodes are the same, skip this pair.
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if ui == xi:
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continue
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# Convert an index to a node label.
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u = dk[ui]
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x = dk[xi]
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# Choose targets uniformly from neighbors.
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v = seed.choice(list(G.neighbors(u)))
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y = seed.choice(list(G.neighbors(x)))
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# If the target nodes are the same, skip this pair.
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if v == y:
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continue
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if x not in G[u] and y not in G[v]:
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G.remove_edge(u, v)
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G.remove_edge(x, y)
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G.add_edge(u, x)
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G.add_edge(v, y)
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swapped.append((u, v, x, y))
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swapcount += 1
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n += 1
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wcount += 1
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# If the graph remains connected, increase the window size.
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if nx.is_connected(G):
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window += 1
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# Otherwise, undo the changes from the previous window and decrease
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# the window size.
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else:
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while swapped:
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(u, v, x, y) = swapped.pop()
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G.add_edge(u, v)
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G.add_edge(x, y)
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G.remove_edge(u, x)
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G.remove_edge(v, y)
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swapcount -= 1
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window = int(math.ceil(window / 2))
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return swapcount
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