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355 lines
42 KiB
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<tspan dy="1em" x="12">Artigos GF comentários interessantes</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="9">Chazdon 2010. Biotropica. 42(1): 31–40</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="7">Falar no artigo que esse trabalho fala que é inadequada a divisão entre pioneira e não pioneira devido a grande variação que há entre elas. Além de terem descoberto que durante a ontogenia a resposta a luminosidade muda dentro de uma mesma espécie. Porém recomendar que essa classificação continue sendo usada em curto prazo enquanto não há informações confiáveis suficiente para esta simples classificação. Outras classificações como esta do artigo são bem vinda, contanto que tenham dados confiáveis. Porém dados estáticos já são difíceis de se obter, dados temporais, como taxa de crescimento em diâmetro ou altura, são mais difíceis ainda. Falar que vários tipos de classificações podem ser utilizadas e quanto mais detalhe melhor, porém os dados é que são mais limitantes. Se focarmos em dados de germinação e crescimento limitantes, como sugerem sainete e whitmore, da uma idéia maismrápida e a curto prazo da classificação destas espécies. Depois com o tempo conseguiremos construir classificações mais detalhadas e com mais dados confiáveis. </tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Here, we develop a new approach that links functional attributes</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">of tree species with studies of forest recovery and regional</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">land-use transitions (Chazdon et al. 2007). Grouping species according</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">to their functional attributes or demographic rates provides</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">insight into both applied and theoretical questions, such as selecting</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">species for reforestation programs, assessing ecosystem services, and</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">understanding community assembly processes in tropical forests</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">(Diaz et al. 2007, Kraft et al. 2008).</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Since we have data on leaf</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">and wood functional traits for only a subset of the species in our</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">study sites, we based our functional type classification on information</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">for a large number of tree species obtained through vegetation</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">monitoring studies.</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Our approach avoided preconceived notions of successional</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">behavior or shade tolerance of tree species by developing an objective</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">and independent classification of functional types based on vegetation</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">monitoring data from permanent sample plots in mature and</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">secondary forests of northeastern Costa Rica (Finegan et al. 1999,</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Chazdon et al. 2007).We apply an independent, prior classification</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">of 293 tree species from our study region into five functional types, based on two species attributes: canopy strata and diameter growth</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">rates for individuals Z10 cm dbh (Finegan et al. 1999, Salgado-</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Negret 2007).</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Our results demonstrate strong linkages between functional</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">types defined by adult height and growth rates of large trees and</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">colonization groups based on the timing of seedling, sapling, and</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">tree recruitment in secondary forests.</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">These results allow us to move beyond earlier conceptual</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">frameworks of tropical forest secondary succession developed</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">by Finegan (1996) and Chazdon (2008) based on subjective groupings,</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">such as pioneers and shade-tolerant species (Swaine &</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Whitmore 1988).</tspan>
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</text>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Reproductive traits, such as dispersal mode, pollination mode,</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">and sexual system, were ultimately not useful in delimiting tree</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">functional types for the tree species examined here (Salgado-Negret</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">2007). Thus, although reproductive traits do vary quantitatively in</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">abundance between secondary and mature forests in our landscape</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">(Chazdon et al. 2003), they do not seem to be important drivers of</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">successional dynamics of trees Z10 cm dbh. For seedlings, however,</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">dispersal mode and seed size are likely to play an important</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">role in community dynamics during succession (Dalling&Hubbell</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">2002).</tspan>
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</text>
|
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<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="8.0625" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="4" x="6">
|
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|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Our classification of colonization groups defies the traditional</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">dichotomy between ‘late successional’ shade-tolerant and ‘early successional’</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">pioneer species. Many tree species, classified here as</tspan>
|
|||
|
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<tspan dy="1em" x="6">regenerating pioneers on the basis of their population structure in</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">secondary forests, are common in both young secondary forest and</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">mature forests in this region (Guariguata et al. 1997), and many are</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">important timber species (Vilchez et al. 2008). These generalists are</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">by far the most abundant species of seedlings and saplings, conferring</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">a high degree of resilience in the wet tropical forests of NE</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Costa Rica (Norden et al. 2009, Letcher & Chazdon 2009). The</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">high abundance of regenerating pioneers in seedling and sapling</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">size classes clearly shows that species with shade-tolerant seedlings</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">can also recruit as trees early in succession. For these species, early</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">tree colonization enhances seedling and sapling recruitment during</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">the first 20–30 yr of succession, due to local seed rain. Species</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">abundance and size distribution depend strongly on chance colonization</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">events early in succession (Chazdon 2008). Other studies</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">have shown that mature forest species are able to colonize early in</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">succession (Finegan 1996, van Breugel et al. 2007, Franklin & Rey</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">2007, Ochoa-Gaona et al. 2007), emphasizing the importance of</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">initial floristic composition in the determination of successional</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">pathways and rates of forest regrowth. On the other hand, significant</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">numbers of species in our sites (40% overall and the majority</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">of rare species) colonized only after canopy closure, and these species</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">may not occur as mature individuals until decades after agricultural</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">abandonment.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
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<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="8.0625" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="4" x="6">
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Classifying functional types</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">based on functional traits with low plasticity, such as wood density</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">and seed size, could potentially serve as robust proxies for demographic</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">variables (Poorter et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2008).</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="3" cy="3" stroke-width="1px" fill="rgb(224,229,239)" visibility="hidden" stroke="rgb(2,59,185)" style="cursor: default;"/>
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<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="10.4"/>
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</g>
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<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(448.00000,303.00000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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<line stroke-width="1px" stroke="#495879" stroke-opacity="1" x1="0" y1="154" x2="356" y2="154" style="cursor: default;"/>
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<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="8.0625" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="4" x="6">
|
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|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">CONDIT, R., S. P. HUBBELL, AND R. B. FOSTER. 1996. Assessing the response of</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">plant functional types in tropical forests to climatic change. J. Veg. Sci.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">7: 405–416.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">DALLING, J. S., AND S. P. HUBBELL. 2002. Seed size, growth rate and gap microsite</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">conditions as determinants of recruitment success for pioneer species.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">J. Ecol. 90: 557–568.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">FINEGAN, B. 1996. Pattern and process in neotropical secondary forests: The first</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">100 years of succession. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 119–124.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">POORTER, L., S. J. WRIGHT, H. PAZ, D. D. ACKERLY, R. CONDIT, G.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">IBARRA-MANRI´QUEZ, K. E. HARMS, J. C. LICONA, M.MARTI´NEZ-RAMOS,</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">S. J. MAZER, H. C. MULLER-LANDAU, M. PEN˜ A-CLAROS, C. O. WEBB,</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">AND I. J. WRIGHT. 2008. Are functional traits good predictors of demographic</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">rates? Evidence from five Neotropical forests. Ecology 89:</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">1908–1920.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">ZHANG, Z. D., R. G. ZANG, AND Y. D. QI. 2008. Spatiotemporal patterns and</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">dynamics of species richness and abundance of woody plant functional</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">groups in a tropical forest landscape of Hainan Island, South China.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">J. Integr. Plant Biol. 50: 547–558.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6"/>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="3" cy="3" stroke-width="1px" fill="rgb(224,229,239)" visibility="hidden" stroke="rgb(2,59,185)" style="cursor: default;"/>
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<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="10.4"/>
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</g>
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<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(-447.00000,-251.00000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="10.75" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="#000000" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="8" x="9">
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="9">Poorter 1999. Functional Ecology. 13:396-410</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="-3" cy="14" stroke-width="1px" fill="#cccccc" visibility="visible" stroke="#cccccc" style="cursor: default;"/>
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<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="15.600000000000001"/>
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</g>
|
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|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(-752.50000,-245.00000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="8.0625" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="6" x="7">
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="7">Espécies pioneiras crescem mais rápido do que as não pioneiras</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="-3" cy="22" stroke-width="1px" fill="rgb(224,229,239)" visibility="visible" stroke="rgb(2,59,185)" style="cursor: default;"/>
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|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="11.700000000000001"/>
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|
</g>
|
|||
|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(-1115.50000,-245.00000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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|
|
<rect width="337" height="28" rx="4.2" ry="4.2" x="-2" y="-3" stroke-width="1px" stroke="rgb(241,163,39)" fill="rgb(252,235,192)" stroke-opacity="0" fill-opacity="0"/>
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<line stroke-width="1px" stroke="#495879" stroke-opacity="1" x1="0" y1="22" x2="333" y2="22" style="cursor: default;"/>
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|
|
<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="8.0625" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="6" x="7">
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="7">Tolerância a sombra está relacionada com persistência e não com crescimento</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="3" cy="3" stroke-width="1px" fill="rgb(224,229,239)" visibility="hidden" stroke="rgb(2,59,185)" style="cursor: default;"/>
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|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="11.700000000000001"/>
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|
|
</g>
|
|||
|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(-763.00000,5.00000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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|
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|
|
<rect width="580" height="28" rx="0" ry="0" x="0" y="0" stroke-width="2px" fill="#cccccc" stroke="#cccccc" style="cursor: default;"/>
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|
<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="10.75" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="8" x="9">
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="9">Baraloto et al. 2010. Functional trait variation and sampling strategies in species-rich plant communities</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="-3" cy="14" stroke-width="1px" fill="#cccccc" visibility="visible" stroke="#cccccc" style="cursor: default;"/>
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<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="15.600000000000001"/>
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</g>
|
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|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(-1278.50000,-213.00000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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|
<line stroke-width="1px" stroke="#495879" stroke-opacity="1" x1="0" y1="82" x2="485" y2="82" style="cursor: default;"/>
|
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|
|
<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="8.0625" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="4" x="6">
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">Therecent growth of large functional trait data</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">bases has been fuelled by standardized protocols forthe</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">measurement of individual functional traits and intensive</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">efforts to compile trait data(Cornelissen etal. 2003; Chave etal. 2009). Nonetheless, there remains no consensusfor</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">the most appropriate sampling design so that traits can be</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">scaled from the individuals on whom measurements are</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">made to the community or ecosystem levels at which infer-</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">ences are drawn (Swenson etal. 2006,2007,Reich,Wright</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">& Lusk 2007;Kraft,Valencia & Ackerly 2008). </tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="3" cy="3" stroke-width="1px" fill="rgb(224,229,239)" visibility="hidden" stroke="rgb(2,59,185)" style="cursor: default;"/>
|
|||
|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="10.4"/>
|
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|
|
</g>
|
|||
|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(-1051.00000,-120.50000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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<line stroke-width="1px" stroke="#495879" stroke-opacity="1" x1="0" y1="41" x2="258" y2="41" style="cursor: default;"/>
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|
|
<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="8.0625" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="4" x="6">
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">However, the fast pace of</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">development of plant trait meta-analyses also suggests that</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">trait acquisition in the field is a factor limiting the growth of</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">plant trait data bases.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="3" cy="3" stroke-width="1px" fill="rgb(224,229,239)" visibility="hidden" stroke="rgb(2,59,185)" style="cursor: default;"/>
|
|||
|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="10.4"/>
|
|||
|
|
</g>
|
|||
|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(-1079.00000,-70.00000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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|
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|
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|
<line stroke-width="1px" stroke="#495879" stroke-opacity="1" x1="0" y1="114" x2="286" y2="114" style="cursor: default;"/>
|
|||
|
|
<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="8.0625" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" fill="rgb(82,92,97)" visibility="visible" style="cursor: move;" y="4" x="6">
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">We measured</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">traits for every individual tree in nine 1-ha plots in tropical</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">lowland rainforest (N = 4709). Each plant was sampled for</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">10 functional traits related to wood and leaf morphology and</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">ecophysiology. Here, we contrast the trait means and variances</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">obtained with a full sampling strategy with those of</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">other sampling designs used in the recent literature, which we</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">obtain by simulation. We assess the differences in community-</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">level estimates of functional trait means and variances</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">among design types and sampling intensities. We then contrast</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">the relative costs of these designs and discuss the appropriateness</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">of different sampling designs and intensities for</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
<tspan dy="1em" x="6">different questions and systems.</tspan>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
<ellipse width="6" height="6" rx="3" ry="3" cx="3" cy="3" stroke-width="1px" fill="rgb(224,229,239)" visibility="hidden" stroke="rgb(2,59,185)" style="cursor: default;"/>
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|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="0" height="10.4"/>
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</g>
|
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|
|
<g preserveAspectRatio="none" focusable="true" width="100" height="100" transform="translate(-1608.50000,54.00000) scale(1.00000,1.00000)" visibility="visible">
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<tspan dy="1em" x="7">Falar que a escolha das categorias de sucessão e dos parâmetros ou característica dos indivíduos que serão utilizadas dependera da facilidade de coleta dos dados e do custo monetário e temporal.</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="7">Ver se classifica sucessão por densidade de tronco para citar no artigo como exemplo de outros atributos além de germinação e ver se e custoso no tempo e em dinheiro</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="7">Intensas amostragens de experimentos simples tem maior retorno em acurácia de estimativa e de custo tb.</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">With regard to estimating mean trait values, strategies</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">alternative to BRIDGE were consistently cost-effective. On</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">the other hand, strategies alternative to BRIDGE clearly</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">failed to accurately estimate the variance of trait values. This</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">indicates that in situations where accurate estimation of plotlevel</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">variance is desired, complete censuses are essential.</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">We suggest that, in these studies,</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">the investment in complete sampling may be worthwhile</tspan>
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<tspan dy="1em" x="16.4">for at least some traits.</tspan>
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