wisemapping-open-source/wise-webapp/src/test/resources/data/export/enc.odt

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<text:p text:style-name="Title">Artigos GF comentários interessantes</text:p>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Poorter 1999. Functional Ecology. 13:396-410</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Espécies pioneiras crescem mais rápido do que as não pioneiras</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_3" text:outline-level="3">Tolerância a sombra está relacionada com persistência e não com crescimento</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Chazdon 2010. Biotropica. 42(1): 31–40</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Falar no artigo que esse trabalho fala que é inadequada a divisão entre pioneira e não pioneira devido a grande variação que há entre elas. Além de terem descoberto que durante a ontogenia a resposta a luminosidade muda dentro de uma mesma espécie. Porém recomendar que essa classificação continue sendo usada em curto prazo enquanto não há informações confiáveis suficiente para esta simples classificação. Outras classificações como esta do artigo são bem vinda, contanto que tenham dados confiáveis. Porém dados estáticos já são difíceis de se obter, dados temporais, como taxa de crescimento em diâmetro ou altura, são mais difíceis ainda. Falar que vários tipos de classificações podem ser utilizadas e quanto mais detalhe melhor, porém os dados é que são mais limitantes. Se focarmos em dados de germinação e crescimento limitantes, como sugerem sainete e whitmore, da uma idéia maismrápida e a curto prazo da classificação destas espécies. Depois com o tempo conseguiremos construir classificações mais detalhadas e com mais dados confiáveis. </text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Here, we develop a new approach that links functional attributesof tree species with studies of forest recovery and regionalland-use transitions (Chazdon et al. 2007). Grouping species accordingto their functional attributes or demographic rates providesinsight into both applied and theoretical questions, such as selectingspecies for reforestation programs, assessing ecosystem services, andunderstanding community assembly processes in tropical forests(Diaz et al. 2007, Kraft et al. 2008).</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Since we have data on leafand wood functional traits for only a subset of the species in ourstudy sites, we based our functional type classification on informationfor a large number of tree species obtained through vegetationmonitoring studies.</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Our approach avoided preconceived notions of successionalbehavior or shade tolerance of tree species by developing an objectiveand independent classification of functional types based on vegetationmonitoring data from permanent sample plots in mature andsecondary forests of northeastern Costa Rica (Finegan et al. 1999,Chazdon et al. 2007).We apply an independent, prior classificationof 293 tree species from our study region into five functional types, based on two species attributes: canopy strata and diameter growthrates for individuals Z10 cm dbh (Finegan et al. 1999, Salgado-Negret 2007).</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Our results demonstrate strong linkages between functionaltypes defined by adult height and growth rates of large trees andcolonization groups based on the timing of seedling, sapling, andtree recruitment in secondary forests.</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">These results allow us to move beyond earlier conceptualframeworks of tropical forest secondary succession developedby Finegan (1996) and Chazdon (2008) based on subjective groupings,such as pioneers and shade-tolerant species (Swaine &amp;Whitmore 1988).</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Reproductive traits, such as dispersal mode, pollination mode,and sexual system, were ultimately not useful in delimiting treefunctional types for the tree species examined here (Salgado-Negret2007). Thus, although reproductive traits do vary quantitatively inabundance between secondary and mature forests in our landscape(Chazdon et al. 2003), they do not seem to be important drivers ofsuccessional dynamics of trees Z10 cm dbh. For seedlings, however,dispersal mode and seed size are likely to play an importantrole in community dynamics during succession (Dalling&amp;Hubbell2002).</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Our classification of colonization groups defies the traditionaldichotomy between ‘late successional’ shade-tolerant and ‘early successional’pioneer species. Many tree species, classified here asregenerating pioneers on the basis of their population structure insecondary forests, are common in both young secondary forest andmature forests in this region (Guariguata et al. 1997), and many areimportant timber species (Vilchez et al. 2008). These generalists areby far the most abundant species of seedlings and saplings, conferringa high degree of resilience in the wet tropical forests of NECosta Rica (Norden et al. 2009, Letcher &amp; Chazdon 2009). Thehigh abundance of regenerating pioneers in seedling and saplingsize classes clearly shows that species with shade-tolerant seedlingscan also recruit as trees early in succession. For these species, earlytree colonization enhances seedling and sapling recruitment duringthe first 20–30 yr of succession, due to local seed rain. Speciesabundance and size distribution depend strongly on chance colonizationevents early in succession (Chazdon 2008). Other studieshave shown that mature forest species are able to colonize early insuccession (Finegan 1996, van Breugel et al. 2007, Franklin &amp; Rey2007, Ochoa-Gaona et al. 2007), emphasizing the importance ofinitial floristic composition in the determination of successionalpathways and rates of forest regrowth. On the other hand, significantnumbers of species in our sites (40% overall and the majorityof rare species) colonized only after canopy closure, and these speciesmay not occur as mature individuals until decades after agriculturalabandonment.</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Classifying functional typesbased on functional traits with low plasticity, such as wood densityand seed size, could potentially serve as robust proxies for demographicvariables (Poorter et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2008).</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">CONDIT, R., S. P. HUBBELL, AND R. B. FOSTER. 1996. Assessing the response ofplant functional types in tropical forests to climatic change. J. Veg. Sci.7: 405–416.DALLING, J. S., AND S. P. HUBBELL. 2002. Seed size, growth rate and gap micrositeconditions as determinants of recruitment success for pioneer species.J. Ecol. 90: 557–568.FINEGAN, B. 1996. Pattern and process in neotropical secondary forests: The first100 years of succession. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 119–124.POORTER, L., S. J. WRIGHT, H. PAZ, D. D. ACKERLY, R. CONDIT, G.IBARRA-MANRI´QUEZ, K. E. HARMS, J. C. LICONA, M.MARTI´NEZ-RAMOS,S. J. MAZER, H. C. MULLER-LANDAU, M. PEN˜ A-CLAROS, C. O. WEBB,AND I. J. WRIGHT. 2008. Are functional traits good predictors of demographicrates? Evidence from five Neotropical forests. Ecology 89:1908–1920.ZHANG, Z. D., R. G. ZANG, AND Y. D. QI. 2008. Spatiotemporal patterns anddynamics of species richness and abundance of woody plant functionalgroups in a tropical forest landscape of Hainan Island, South China.J. Integr. Plant Biol. 50: 547–558.</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_1" text:outline-level="1">Baraloto et al. 2010. Functional trait variation and sampling strategies in species-rich plant communities</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Therecent growth of large functional trait databases has been fuelled by standardized protocols forthemeasurement of individual functional traits and intensiveefforts to compile trait data(Cornelissen etal. 2003; Chave etal. 2009). Nonetheless, there remains no consensusforthe most appropriate sampling design so that traits can bescaled from the individuals on whom measurements aremade to the community or ecosystem levels at which infer-ences are drawn (Swenson etal. 2006,2007,Reich,Wright&amp; Lusk 2007;Kraft,Valencia &amp; Ackerly 2008).</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">However, the fast pace ofdevelopment of plant trait meta-analyses also suggests thattrait acquisition in the field is a factor limiting the growth ofplant trait data bases.</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">We measuredtraits for every individual tree in nine 1-ha plots in tropicallowland rainforest (N = 4709). Each plant was sampled for10 functional traits related to wood and leaf morphology andecophysiology. Here, we contrast the trait means and variancesobtained with a full sampling strategy with those ofother sampling designs used in the recent literature, which weobtain by simulation. We assess the differences in community-level estimates of functional trait means and variancesamong design types and sampling intensities. We then contrastthe relative costs of these designs and discuss the appropriatenessof different sampling designs and intensities fordifferent questions and systems.</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Falar que a escolha das categorias de sucessão e dos parâmetros ou característica dos indivíduos que serão utilizadas dependera da facilidade de coleta dos dados e do custo monetário e temporal.</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Ver se classifica sucessão por densidade de tronco para citar no artigo como exemplo de outros atributos além de germinação e ver se e custoso no tempo e em dinheiro</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">Intensas amostragens de experimentos simples  tem maior retorno em acurácia de estimativa e de custo tb.</text:h>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">With regard to estimating mean trait values, strategiesalternative to BRIDGE were consistently cost-effective. Onthe other hand, strategies alternative to BRIDGE clearlyfailed to accurately estimate the variance of trait values. Thisindicates that in situations where accurate estimation of plotlevelvariance is desired, complete censuses are essential.</text:h>
<text:p text:style-name="Standard"/>
<text:p text:style-name="Standard">Isso significa que estudos de característica de história de vida compensam? Ver nos m&amp;m.</text:p>
<text:h text:style-name="Heading_20_2" text:outline-level="2">We suggest that, in these studies,the investment in complete sampling may be worthwhilefor at least some traits.</text:h>
<text:p text:style-name="Standard"/>
<text:p text:style-name="Standard">Falar que isso corrobora nossa sugestão de utilizar poucas medidas, mas que elas sejam confiáveis.</text:p>
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